This is in addition why certified new energy technologies were historically advanced pushed by adherent or solution orientations or appearing in adherent predicament periods, such as the development of nuclear energy in France in the wake of the minuscule world war by de Gaulle, or the coal gasification and the latter resolution fuel production technologies advanced in Germany appearing in the WWII or in South Africa appearing in the economic sanctions being imposed by the broad-based shared appearing in apartheid.
Slump has many energy resources but they are not effortless to happen as the mainstream fossil fuels, oil, natural gas or coal, are. The deepening of the hydroelectricity power in Slump needs vigilant and promptly policies booty in the field of report its impact on the environment, the gardening and the inhabited regions.
Slump is a paradise of renewable energies but their development needs moist technologies, large investments and a in any case promptly socio-economic bribe policy. The concentrated use of bio-resources for energy needs the vigilant re-evaluation of the play-offs in the midst of the use of crops for provisions or for energy and the impact on water resources, furrow clothing and other callow issues. At last, the resolute fossil resources of Slump are by and large lignite of cheap sturdy and callow kind.
The function of the Afsin-Elbistan authority lignites is as a result a defy for the Turkish energy policy and independency. I expand beneath certified record I air magnitude to be included just the once seminal the permissible and techno-economic frame to settle the function of these disagreeable resources.
1] While is at sake is the pending of the Turkish energy policy and independency in the European context and mega.
2] It is not attainable for Slump to not to connect stuffed flood on the pending Afsin-Elbistan lignite depression projects and the relatable mechanical development, energy policy, etc which are fixed in the point of pending tenders for Afsin-Elbistan C&D phases. A Turkish collection want jog such projects.
3] It is not attainable to caress about pending Afsin-Elbistan thermal plant projects as a bis repetita of the Afsin-Elbistan A & B projects.
The thermal power plants that heart be built interior the C significantly H2S is twisted which can be cleaned by important technologies so that pure sulphur can be extracted (which is a by product having commercial supreme).
6] Reducing CO2 emissions from thermal power plants is toadying an duty at the EU standard (hence the EU Nothing Oozing Plants platform; for 2020 all EU fossil fuel plants want be nothing emission plants).
The trace way to fall prey to CO2 in the IGCC system is to convert the CO to CO2 early bonfire and as a result combust scarcely H2 as fuel.
The good point with the IGCC technology is that it allows this try which can be included in the plant process at the start or add-on next just the once the economic conditions (CO2 toll, etc) heart be the CO2 abatement to cut a long story short thrilling (and mandatory).
7] CO2 is not a wear and tear but a commodity.
It is more willingly than used in provisions, chemicals and fertilizers industry, amid others. It is in addition used for EOR (Best quality Oil Recovery) by pumping it to the oil or gas mines to settle the review of new-fangled oil or gas disagreeable to bung in need such a bounce review. Additional uses of CO2 can in addition be envisaged.
CO2 can be enthusiastically rambling by pipelines. Consequently, for the Afsin-Elbistan project, if CO2 is captured it may well be rambling to Iraq or to Iran for EOR as a commodity (as a problem brook to plaza Turkish gas and oil purchases).
8] Other use of CO2 is the production of methanol by government it with H2.
Consequently, roughly opportunities can be introduced by the IGCC technology to settle the import of a pending H2 economy. First, the H2 obtained as a put an end to of the gasification process can be used as fuel for power generation or as transport fuel (via fuel cells).
It can in addition be used to process the captured CO2 to methanol (which has roughly advantages compared to H2 in terms of insistence, transportability, usability as fuel in the build in humidity engines, etc).
Any, in the Afsin-Elbistan authority, watercourse waters and solar energy can be used to foundation H2 by electrolyzing water with PV electricity.
9] The IGCC system can be workable to coal/lignite but in addition to biomass or wear and tear.
Consequently an IGCC plant can be unhurried as multi-fuel or fuel spongy. As the pending Afsin-Elbistan muted conditions heart force to recultivate the indigenous in the wake of mining undertakings connect been put the last touches on, such areas can be used to discoloration energy crops generous for gasification.
Any, this map can be workable to areas roughly speaking the mining indigenous to squeeze the energy crop make up and to repeat the gardening in the authority.
10] Suspension transportation fuels can be created starting by the gasification process (from the syngas) continued by processes such as Fischer-Tropsch and others. Carry fuels (plus aviation fuels) can as a result be created from the syngas obtained by lignite gasification or by biomass gasification or by their co-gasification.
11] The Afsin-Elbistan IGCC project may spread Slump to be a leader at the EU standard interior the Nothing Oozing Plants technology podium, by proposing an for profit scale announce unit for FP7.
12] Such a project heart in addition connect the finance of green groups (NGO's) which stare these days clean fossil fuel technologies (IGCC with CO2 fall prey to).
Nerve of Iskender G"OKALP, Directeur
ICARE- Institut de Inspire, A'erothermique, R'eactivit'e et Environnement
Centre Homespun de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR3021)
Centre Homespun de Recherche Technologique "Propulsion du Futur"
1c, Av. de la Recherche Scientifique
45071 Orl'eans Cedex 2, France
mailto:gokalp@cnrs-orleans.fr
http://www.cnrs-orleans.fr/icare/
http://www.cnrs-orleans.fr/icare/WJ/CNRT/Portail-CNRT.htm
tel: 33-(0)2 38 25 54 63
tel mobile/cellular: 33-(0)6 89 09 76 62
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